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Boundary waters11/11/2023 ![]() ![]() These incompatible uses were addressed in the 1978 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act, which was signed into law on October 21,1978 by President Jimmy Carter. But the Wilderness Act allowed some incompatible activity to continue in the Boundary Waters such as use of motor boats, mining, and some logging. The Boundary Waters was included in the Wilderness Act as one of the original nine million acres of federal public lands in the NWPS. ![]() The Wilderness Act established the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS) and is considered one of the most pivotal conservation efforts for America’s public lands. On September 3, 1964, the Wilderness Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. These types of actions continued through the following decades leading up to the Wilderness Act of 1964. In response to airplane landings and overflights that threatened the canoe country, in 1949, President Harry Truman signed an Executive Order which prohibited aircraft from flying over the area below 4,000 feet above sea level. Jardine to establish a 640,000 acres roadless wilderness area in a policy to “retain as much as possible of the land which has recreational opportunities of this nature as a wilderness.” Landmark federal and state legislation followed to further protect the area, including the Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act of 1930, the Little Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act of 1933, and the Thye-Blatnik Act of 1948. Development of roads in the Superior National Forest led to concern about the development of the area, causing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt established the Superior National Forest in 1909 from previously withdrawn public domain lands while the Minnesota Legislature created a 1.2 million acre Superior Game Refuge, similar in area to the Superior National Forest and including most of the present Boundary Waters. Land Office to withdraw 659,700 more acres in the future Boundary Waters from settlement. Andrews, Minnesota Forestry Commissioner, persuaded the U.S. Land Office withdrew 500,000 acres in the future Boundary Waters from settlement. government act of protection for this canoe country was in 1902 when the U.S. The fight to protect these lands has been long and contentious, and continues today with the threat of sulfide-ore copper mining on lands in the headwaters of the Wilderness. The interconnected waterways across the Boundary Waters region have been important travel routes for thousands of years, prior to the arrival of fur traders and others from Europe who began to travel and settle in the region, displacing indigenous people. The Boundary Waters region and the Superior National Forest are within the 1854 Treaty Ceded Territory where Anishinaabe people (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) have lived for generations. The Boundary Waters and Superior National Forest are Anishinaabe land. ![]()
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